T neurons are a subset of scratch/swim neurons:
All intracellularly recorded spinal interneurons with the morphology that defines T neurons (J. Neurophysiol. 95:2821) were rhythmically activated during both fictive scratching and fictive forward swimming. Examples of their A) physiological activity, B) morphology, C) firing rate phase histograms, and D) phase-averaged membrane potentials are shown to the right. (Int 3 is a T neuron; KE, HF,
and HE are knee extensor, hip flexor, and hip extensor motor nerves,
respectively.)
(Adapted from Berkowitz, J. Neurophysiol. 99:2887-2901, 2008.)
Strong interactions between scratch and swim spinal cord networks |
Hyperpolarization of scratch-specialized neurons during swim |
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T neurons, a new
morphological & physiological class of spinal interneurons
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Rhythmic activity of interneurons during two types of scratching |
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Rhythmic activity of interneurons during left and right motor rhythms |