T neurons are a subset of scratch/swim neurons:

 
All intracellularly recorded spinal interneurons with the morphology that defines T neurons (J. Neurophysiol. 95:2821) were rhythmically activated during both fictive scratching and fictive forward swimming. Examples of their A) physiological activity, B) morphology, C) firing rate phase histograms, and D) phase-averaged membrane potentials are shown to the right. (Int 3 is a T neuron; KE, HF, and HE are knee extensor, hip flexor, and hip extensor motor nerves, respectively.)

(Adapted from Berkowitz, J. Neurophysiol. 99:2887-2901, 2008.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 

 

Strong interactions between scratch and swim spinal cord networks

 

Hyperpolarization of scratch-specialized neurons during swim

 

 

Scratch/swim neurons

 

 

Scratch-specialized neurons


 

T neurons, a new morphological & physiological class of spinal interneurons


 

Flexion-reflex specialized neurons

 

 

Broad tuning of spinal interneurons


 

Rhythmic activity of interneurons during two types of scratching

 

 

Rhythmic activity of interneurons during left and right motor rhythms


 

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